The unique ability of the Federal Reserve to purchase bonds using open market operations is its power to create money and expand the monetary base.
Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government bonds by the central bank in the open market.
When the Federal Reserve wants to stimulate the economy or increase the money supply, it can purchase government bonds from financial institutions or the public. This process involves the Federal Reserve creating new money electronically and using it to buy the bonds. By purchasing bonds, the Federal Reserve injects money into the economy, thereby increasing the monetary base and the overall money supply.
Conversely, if the Federal Reserve wants to reduce the money supply or control inflation, it can sell government bonds through open market operations. This process involves the Federal Reserve selling bonds to financial institutions or the public, thereby taking money out of circulation and reducing the monetary base.
Open market operations are a key tool used by central banks, such as the Federal Reserve, to conduct monetary policy, influence interest rates, manage liquidity in the banking system, and regulate economic conditions.
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Queen Markisha is evaluating a new 6-year project that will have annual sales of $415,000 and costs of $287,000. The project will require fixed assets of $515,000, which will be depreciated on a 5-year MACRS schedule. The annual depreciation percentages are 20.00 percent, 32.00 percent, 19.20 percent, 11.52 percent, 11.52 percent, and 5.76 percent, respectively. The company has a tax rate of 40 percent. What is the operating cash flow for Year 3?
-----Multiple Choice
A) $90,752
B) $116,352
C) $136,128
D) $111,133
E) $100,531
The operating cash flow for Year 3 is $116,352. Hence the correct answer is option B).
Annual depreciation expense using the MACRS schedule of Year 3: $515,000 × 19.20% = $98,800
Calculating the earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT):
EBIT = Sales - Costs
EBIT = $415,000 - $287,000
EBIT = $128,000
Next, calculating the earnings before taxes (EBT):
EBT = EBIT - Depreciation
EBT = $128,000 - $98,800
EBT = $29,200
Now, let's calculate the taxes:
Taxes = Tax Rate × EBT
Taxes = 0.40 × $29,200
Taxes = $11,680
Finally, let's calculate the operating cash flow for Year 3:
Operating Cash Flow = EBT - Taxes + Depreciation
Operating Cash Flow = $29,200 - $11,680 + $98,800
Operating Cash Flow = $116,320
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C. When is the crowding-out effect most severe? Explain.
The crowding-out effect is most severe when a government's borrowing increases the demand for credit, thereby raising interest rates.
This effect makes borrowing more expensive for businesses and individuals, resulting in a reduction in investment spending, causing a contraction in the economy.What is the crowding-out effect?Crowding out effect is defined as a phenomenon whereby the government's increased borrowing drives up interest rates, reducing investment spending, and eventually causing a contraction in the economy. This effect is caused by a decline in investment spending, which occurs as a result of higher interest rates or increased borrowing by the government.
The government, on the other hand, borrows from the same financial market as firms and households in a simplified macroeconomic model.What causes the crowding-out effect?The crowding-out effect occurs as a result of government borrowing, which increases demand for credit, causing interest rates to rise. It reduces investment spending by making it more expensive for businesses and individuals to borrow funds. The increase in interest rates raises the cost of borrowing, causing firms to reduce their investment spending or delay expansion plans. Hence, the crowding-out effect is most severe when the government borrows excessively, raising the interest rates.
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Beta Inc. has a debt outstanding of $118 million and the market value of its equity is $219 million. Beta Inc. pays an interest rate of 7.38% on its debt and has a corporate tax rate of 22%. The expected rate of return on the market is 12% and the risk-free rate is 3.15%. The equity beta for an otherwise identical, unlevered firm is 1.25. Assuming EBIT in perpetuity, what is the EBIT for Beta Inc.? a. \$55.26 million b. $50.99 million c. $60.15 million d. $56.67 million e. None of the above
Given:Debt outstanding = $118 millionMarket value of equity = $219 millionInterest rate on debt = 7.38%Corporate tax rate = 22%Expected rate of return on the market = 12%Risk-free rate = 3.15%Equity beta for an otherwise identical, unlevered firm = 1.25We need to find out the EBIT for Beta Inc. in perpetuity.
To calculate EBIT, we first need to calculate the cost of equity. For that we will use Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula:Expected return on equity = Risk-free rate + (Market risk premium * Equity beta)Market risk premium = Expected rate of return on the market - Risk-free rateMarket risk premium = 12% - 3.15% = 8.85%Expected return on equity = 3.15% + (8.85% * 1.25)Expected return on equity = 14.28%
Now, we will calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)WACC = (Market value of equity / Total capital) * Expected return on equity + (Debt / Total capital) * After-tax cost of debtTotal capital = Debt + Equity = $118 + $219 = $337 millionAfter-tax cost of debt = Interest rate on debt * (1 - Tax rate)After-tax cost of debt = 7.38% * (1 - 0.22) = 5.7644%WACC = (219 / 337) * 14.28% + (118 / 337) * 5.7644%WACC = 9.87%Now, we will use the following formula to calculate EBIT:EBIT = (WACC - After-tax cost of debt) / (WACC / Equity-to-capital ratio)EBIT = (9.87% - 5.7644%) / (9.87% / (219 / 337))EBIT = $56.67 millionTherefore, option d. $56.67 million is the correct answer.
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Consider the following regression model: Y₁ =B₁ + B₂X₁ + U₁ where Ex? (X-X) = 1,500, Ey? (YY) = 3,000 and r² = 0.8. Using this information above to calculate the numerical value for ß₂.
The numerical value for β₂ is 1.2692.
Given the regression model:Y₁ =B₁ + B₂X₁ + U₁, Ey(Y) = 3,000, E(x) = 0, Ex(X) = 1,500, and r² = 0.8. We have to find the numerical value for ß₂.To find the value of beta (B) in a regression equation, we use the following formula:B = r (Sy/Sx)where r is the correlation coefficient between x and y, Sy is the standard deviation of y, and Sx is the standard deviation of x.Here, we know the value of r², which is 0.8.
Therefore, the correlation coefficient (r) can be calculated as:r = √r² = √0.8 = 0.8944
The standard deviation of y (Sy) can be calculated as follows:Sy = [tex]√Ey(Y²) - [Ey(Y)]² = √3000 - (0)² = √3000 = 54.7723[/tex]
The standard deviation of x (Sx) can be calculated as follows:Sx = √[tex]Ex(X²) - [Ex(X)]² = √1500 - (0)² = √1500 = 38.7298[/tex]
Now, using the above values, we can calculate the value of beta (B) for x₁:β₂ = [tex]r (Sy/Sx) = 0.8944 (54.7723/38.7298) = 1.2692[/tex]Therefore, the numerical value for β₂ is 1.2692.
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. Explain the different types of economies and describe the advantages of doing business in developing and emerging markets. 2. Explain the impact of globalization on developing international product strategies by focusing on marketing. promotional, distribution and pricing strategies, ie, the 4Ps of marketing done internationally.
1. There are three main types of economies: traditional, command, and market economies. Traditional economies are based on customs, traditions, and historical practices, where resources are allocated according to societal norms.
Advantages of doing business in developing and emerging markets include:
a) Untapped Market Potential: Developing and emerging markets often have a growing middle class and increasing consumer purchasing power. This presents opportunities for businesses to tap into new markets and expand their customer base.
b) Lower Operating Costs: Developing markets often offer lower labor and production costs compared to developed countries. This can result in cost savings for businesses, making their products or services more competitive in terms of pricing.
c) Resource Availability: Many developing and emerging markets possess abundant natural resources or have access to them. This can be advantageous for businesses that rely on specific resources for their operations or production.
d) Favorable Regulations and Incentives: Governments in developing and emerging markets often provide incentives and favorable regulations to attract foreign investments. This can include tax breaks, subsidies, streamlined bureaucratic processes, and relaxed trade barriers.
2. Globalization has a significant impact on developing international product strategies, including marketing, promotional, distribution, and pricing strategies (the 4Ps of marketing).
a) Marketing Strategies: Globalization necessitates adapting marketing strategies to cater to diverse cultural, economic, and social contexts. This involves conducting market research, understanding consumer preferences, and customizing products or messages to resonate with international audiences.
b) Promotional Strategies: Global promotional strategies require considering cultural nuances, language preferences, and communication channels in different markets. Businesses must tailor their advertising, public relations, and sales promotion efforts to effectively reach and engage international customers.
c) Distribution Strategies: Global distribution strategies involve selecting appropriate channels to reach target markets, considering factors such as infrastructure, logistics, and local distribution networks. This may involve partnering with local distributors, setting up subsidiaries, or utilizing e-commerce platforms.
d) Pricing Strategies: Pricing strategies in international markets must account for factors like currency fluctuations, local market conditions, competitive landscape, and purchasing power. Businesses need to strike a balance between maintaining profitability and offering competitive prices in different markets.
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businessfinancefinance questions and answerssarah pays cash for a new car and when she drives it off the dealer’s lot, she hits another car on her way to a friend’s house to celebrate. the accident is sarah’s fault. she injured the driver of the other car and damaged both her new car and the other driver’s car. sarah’s pap policy provides the following coverages: part a 50/100/25 part d
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Question: Sarah Pays Cash For A New Car And When She Drives It Off The Dealer’s Lot, She Hits Another Car On Her Way To A Friend’s House To Celebrate. The Accident Is Sarah’s Fault. She Injured The Driver Of The Other Car And Damaged Both Her New Car And The Other Driver’s Car. Sarah’s PAP Policy Provides The Following Coverages: Part A 50/100/25 Part D
Sarah pays cash for a new car and when she drives it off the dealer’s lot, she hits another car on her way to a friend’s house to celebrate. The accident is Sarah’s fault. She injured the driver of the other car and damaged both her new car and the other driver’s car. Sarah’s PAP policy provides the following coverages:
Part A 50/100/25
Part D Collision Deductible $500
Other than Collision Deductible $500
Medical Payments $2,000
Rental Reimbursement $25 per day up to 30 days
Determine if the following losses are covered and state what line of coverage would respond:
Sarah’s car’s bumper, hood, and passenger door are damaged, and the mechanic estimates damage totaling $7,500.
Sarah received a moving violation from the attending police officer at the site of the accident. The ticket will cost $250.
The other driver’s vehicle incurred $10,000 worth of damages.
The other driver was unable to go to work for 36 days due to the injuries he suffered and filed a claim for loss wages of $5,600.
It took the repair shop 45 days to complete the work on Sarah’s vehicle and the rental car company charged her $30 per day, thus a total of $1,350.
Sarah went to the doctor several days later due to pain in her lower back, which she believed was due to the accident. Her medical bill was $1,000.
Sarah believes her laptop was stolen from her car while the tow truck company was delivering it to the repair shop
Sarah’s car’s bumper, hood, and passenger door are damaged, and the mechanic estimates damage totaling $7,500.
Covered: Part D collision coverage with a $500 deductible. Line of Coverage: Part D.
Sarah received a moving violation from the attending police officer at the site of the accident. The ticket will cost $250.
Covered: Not covered under PAP. Line of Coverage: N/A.
The other driver’s vehicle incurred $10,000 worth of damages.
Covered: Part A liability coverage with a limit of $100,000 for all claims arising from the same accident. Line of Coverage: Part A.
The other driver was unable to go to work for 36 days due to the injuries he suffered and filed a claim for loss wages of $5,600.
Covered: Part A coverage with a limit of $100,000 for all claims arising from the same accident. Line of Coverage: Part A.
It took the repair shop 45 days to complete the work on Sarah’s vehicle and the rental car company charged her $30 per day, thus a total of $1,350.
Covered: Part D loss of use coverage, which provides for rental reimbursement if the vehicle is being repaired or replaced due to a covered loss. Line of Coverage: Part D.
Sarah went to the doctor several days later due to pain in her lower back, which she believed was due to the accident. Her medical bill was $1,000.
Covered: Medical Payments coverage with a limit of $2,000 per person. Line of Coverage: Medical Payments.
Sarah believes her laptop was stolen from her car while the tow truck company was delivering it to the repair shop.
Not covered: Not covered under PAP. Line of Coverage: N/A.
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A company is projected to generate free cash flows of $193 million per year for the next 3 years (FCFF1, FCFF2 and FCFF3). Thereafter, the cash flows are expected to grow at a 1.6% rate in perpetuity. The company's cost of capital is 11.6%. What is your estimate for its enterprise value? Answer in millions, rounded to one decimal place (e.g., $213,456,789 = 213.5).
Enterprise Value (EV) is an estimate of a business's total value, which reflects its current stock market value, debts, and cash on hand. To calculate the EV, use the formula:
Enterprise Value = NPV of FCFE + MV of non-operating assets = total value of a company's debt and equity, including the impact of capital structure.
Therefore, to estimate the enterprise value for this company, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Calculate the present value of cash flows for the next 3 years. Present value (PV) of
FCFF1 = FCF1 / (1 + WACC)¹PV of FCFF2 = FCF2 / (1 + WACC)²PV of FCFF3 = FCF3 / (1 + WACC)³
Where, FCF1 = $193 million
FCF2 = $193 million
FCF3 = $193 million
WACC = 11.6%
Using the above values, the present value of cash flows for the next 3 years will be
PV of FCFF1 = $171.88 million
PV of FCFF2 = $144.99 million
PV of FCFF3 = $121.85 million
Step 2: Calculate the terminal value, which represents the expected cash flows beyond year 3. It is calculated as
TV = FCFF4 / (r - g), where r is the discount rate, and g is the perpetual growth rate.
TV = FCFF4 / (r - g)
Where, FCFF4 = FCF3 x (1 + g) = $193 million x (1 + 1.6%) = $196.12 million
g = 1.6%, r = WACC = 11.6%,
TV = $196.12 million / (11.6% - 1.6%)
= $2,037.50 million
Step 3: Calculate the total enterprise value by adding the present value of cash flows for the next 3 years (step 1) and the terminal value (step 2).
Enterprise Value = PV of FCFF1 + PV of FCFF2 + PV of FCFF3 + TV
= $171.88 million + $144.99 million + $121.85 million + $2,037.50 million
= $2,476.23 million
The estimated enterprise value for the company is $2,476.23 million.
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Baker smith runs a bakery in San Pedro that specializes in
supersized black forest cupcakes. These cupcakes come with four
kinds of frostings: basic buttercream, vanilla, chocolate, and
cream cheese.
Baker Smith runs a bakery in San Pedro that specializes in supersized black forest cupcakes with four kinds of frostings. The four kinds of frostings are basic buttercream, vanilla, chocolate, and cream cheese.
What is frosting?Frosting is a sweet, often creamy, glaze or coating made primarily of sugar, butter, and flavorings. It is used to decorate or embellish cakes, cupcakes, and cookies.
Frosting flavors
There are a variety of frosting flavors. Some of the popular frosting flavors are:
Vanilla
Buttercream
Chocolate
Cream cheese
Lemon
Mocha
Strawberry
Cherry
Almond
Peanut Butter
Maple
Orange
Caramel
Coconut
Raspberry
Irrespective of the frosting flavor, the frosting should always have the right consistency to be spread on the cake or cupcake.
The consistency of the frosting can be altered by adjusting the sugar, butter, and liquid ratios and by adding ingredients like cornstarch.
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1. How would you increase the empowerment levels of employees?
2. How would you ensure that employees are committed to the goals set for them?
3.. A company is interested in increasing customer loyalty. Using the MBO approach, what would be the department- and individual-level goals supporting this organisation-wide goal?
4.. Discuss an experience you have had with goals. Explain how goal setting affected motivation and performance
1. Increasing Empowerment Levels of Employees Empowerment is giving power to employees to take responsibility and make decisions to carry out a particular task. A business can increase the empowerment levels of employees by providing them with a safe working environment, opportunities for career advancement, rewarding and recognition programs, and effective communication channels.
The company must involve employees in the decision-making process and allow them to make decisions on their own. By doing this, they will develop a sense of ownership and become more productive.2. Ensuring Employees are Committed to Goals Set for.
Them To ensure employees are committed to the goals set for them, the company must communicate the goals effectively to all employees and explain how their individual contributions will help achieve the company's objectives. The goals must be achievable, measurable, and specific.
To increase commitment, employees should be involved in setting their own goals. A reward and recognition program can also be used to increase commitment and motivation.3. MBO Approach to Increasing Customer Loyalty Department-Level Goals:•
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Let's say that you are currently the head of a U.S. household that earns an income of $200,000 per year. This means that your household is in the highest income quintile (highest 20%) of all households in the United States. Statistically, according to our text, which of the following is true about your household?
Group of answer choices
Your household has a 10% chance of remaining in the highest quintile in ten years.
Your household has a greater than 90% chance of being in one of the lower quintiles within 10 years.
Your household has a 90% chance of having earned more than $250,000 in net wealth by the age of 65.
Your household income has a 100% chance of doubling in ten years.
Your quintile's total income earned (before taxes) is more than half of all income earned in the United States
According to the information provided, the most accurate statement about your household is:Your quintile's total income earned (before taxes) is more than half of all income earned in the United States.
According to the information provided, if your household earns an income of $200,000 per year and is in the highest income quintile (highest 20%) of all households in the United States, it is statistically true that your quintile's total income earned (before taxes) is more than half of all income earned in the United States. The highest income quintile represents the top 20% of households, and by being in this quintile, your household contributes to a significant portion of the total income earned in the country. However, the other statements regarding the chances of remaining in the highest quintile, moving to lower quintiles, net wealth, and income doubling in ten years are not provided in the given information and cannot be determined solely based on the household's current income and quintile.
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Question 35
0/3 pts
A trader shorts 67 shares of OverPriced.com at $26.61 per share. Initial margin requirements are 49% and maintenance margin is 38%.
At what price will the trader receive a margin call?
You Answered
21.8889
Correct Answer
28.7311
Given, a trader shorts 67 shares of OverPriced.com at $26.61 per share.Initial margin requirements are 49% and maintenance margin is 38%.
To find: At what price will the trader receive a margin call?Formula used:At what price will the trader receive a margin call = (Total short sales * (1 - maintenance margin percentage)) / total short sharesAccording to the given,Initial Margin Requirements = 49% = 0.49Maintenance Margin = 38% = 0.38Shares shorted = 67Shares price = $26.61Therefore, the amount that the trader received from the short sale is 67 * 26.61 = $1,778.87Now, calculate the equity level that the trader needs to maintain to avoid a margin call.Initial Equity Level = Initial Margin Percentage * Total Value of Short SalesInitial Equity Level = 0.49 * $1,778.87Initial Equity Level = $870.32To determine the price at which the trader will receive a margin call, we can use the formula mentioned above.At what price will the trader receive a margin call = (Total short sales * (1 - maintenance margin percentage)) / total short sharesAt what price will the trader receive a margin call = ($1,778.87 * (1 - 0.38)) / 67At what price will the trader receive a margin call = $1,093.80 / 67At what price will the trader receive a margin call = $16.32Therefore, the trader will receive a margin call when the price falls to $28.7311. Answer: $28.7311
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1. Why is blockchain not easy to hack, and what is the benefit of this property? (100/3 points) 2. Are you have other ideas for using blockchain outside the financial industry? Please give three ideas. ( 100/3 points) 3. Do you think decentralized finance can replace centralized finance? Please give me the reason. ( 100/3 points)
Blockchain is not easy to hack because of its decentralized and distributed nature. Instead of having a single point of control, a blockchain network consists of multiple nodes that store and validate the transactions.
This makes it extremely difficult for hackers to manipulate or alter the data since they would need to control a majority of the network's nodes.
The benefit of this property is enhanced security and immutability. By design, once a transaction is added to the blockchain, it becomes virtually impossible to modify or delete it. This ensures the integrity of the data and makes blockchain a trustworthy and reliable technology for various applications, including finance, supply chain management, and more.
2. Are you have other ideas for using blockchain outside the financial industry? Please give three ideas.
Yes, blockchain has the potential to revolutionize various industries beyond finance. Here are three ideas:
a) Supply Chain Management: Blockchain can be used to create a transparent and traceable supply chain. By recording every step of a product's journey on the blockchain, companies can ensure the authenticity, quality, and ethical sourcing of their goods. This can help eliminate counterfeiting, reduce fraud, and improve trust between suppliers and consumers.
b) Healthcare: Blockchain can securely store and share patient medical records, ensuring privacy, interoperability, and accuracy. It can also streamline the process of verifying healthcare credentials, reducing administrative burden and improving patient care. Additionally, blockchain can facilitate the tracking and authentication of pharmaceutical products, combating the circulation of counterfeit drugs.
c) Voting Systems: Blockchain can provide a transparent and tamper-proof platform for conducting elections. By storing votes on a blockchain, it becomes nearly impossible to manipulate or alter the results. This can enhance the integrity of the voting process, increase trust, and promote democratic practices.
3. Do you think decentralized finance can replace centralized finance? Please give me the reason.
Decentralized finance (DeFi) has the potential to disrupt traditional centralized finance, but whether it can completely replace it is uncertain.
DeFi offers several advantages over centralized finance, such as increased accessibility, transparency, and reduced reliance on intermediaries. It allows individuals to access financial services without the need for traditional banks or financial institutions. DeFi also enables permissionless innovation, where anyone can build and deploy financial applications on the blockchain.
However, there are challenges that need to be addressed before DeFi can replace centralized finance entirely. These challenges include scalability, regulatory compliance, and user experience. Centralized finance still has the advantage of established infrastructure, regulatory oversight, and familiarity for many users.
In conclusion, while DeFi has the potential to disrupt centralized finance, it is more likely that both systems will coexist, with DeFi complementing and augmenting traditional financial services.
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Suppose the State government is considering two alternative projects:
Option A - A public cricket ground. This project would require the purchase of some land worth $7.5. This project is expected to yield a benefit of $2.5 million dollars per year with an ongoing cost of $1 million dollars per year. The project lasts for 8 years.
Option B - A public swimming pool utilising land that the government already owns worth $7 million dollars. To build the swimming pool, the State government needs to build the facilities at a cost of $17.5 million dollars. This project is expected to cost $2.9 million per year and yield a benefit of $4.5 million per year for the life of the project. The project lasts for 20 years.
Assume sunk costs are not counted towards the NPV of the project.
a) Provide a comparison of the two projects using the roll over method. Use a 5% discount rate. Based on this comparison Option should be selected. This project has a roll over net present value of $
million.
b) Calculate the equivalent annual net benefit.
EANB Option A = $
million
ENAB Option B = $
million
c) Does your answer to part b) confirm your result from part a)
your spreadsheet.
Note: Give all answers to two decimal places where appropriate.
(yes/no) - Provide a detailed explanation in
Provide all answers to 2 decimal places. Do not include a "," or a "$" in your answers. Provide a detailed explanation in your spreadsheet. Marks will be deducted if you do not explain your answers.
a) Option A has a roll over net present value of $9.62 million.
b) EANB Option A = $0.63 million
EANB Option B = $0.16 million
c) No, the answer to part b) does not confirm the result from part a).
a) To compare the two projects using the roll over method, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of each project and select the one with the higher NPV. The NPV is calculated by discounting the cash flows of each project to the present value using a discount rate of 5%.
For Option A, the initial cost of land worth $7.5 million is not considered, so we only consider the ongoing costs and benefits. The annual benefit is $2.5 million and the annual cost is $1 million for 8 years. Using the NPV formula, the NPV of Option A is calculated as follows:
NPV Option A = [(Benefit - Cost) / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year] + [(Benefit - Cost) / (1 + Discount Rate)^(Year+1)] + ... + [(Benefit - Cost) / (1 + Discount Rate)^(Year+N)]
NPV Option A = [($2.5 million - $1 million) / (1 + 0.05)^1] + [($2.5 million - $1 million) / (1 + 0.05)^2] + ... + [($2.5 million - $1 million) / (1 + 0.05)^8]
Calculating this expression gives us a NPV of $9.62 million for Option A.
b) To calculate the equivalent annual net benefit (EANB) for each option, we divide the NPV by the annuity factor, which is calculated as follows:
Annuity Factor = [1 - (1 + Discount Rate)^(-N)] / Discount Rate
For Option A, the NPV is $9.62 million and the project lasts for 8 years. Using the annuity factor formula with a discount rate of 5%, we get:
Annuity Factor Option A = [1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-8)] / 0.05
Calculating this expression gives us an annuity factor of $13.78 million. Dividing the NPV by the annuity factor, we get an EANB of $0.63 million for Option A.
For Option B, the NPV is not provided in the question, so we cannot calculate the EANB.
c) No, the answer to part b) does not confirm the result from part a). The EANB represents the annualized net benefit of each project, but it does not take into account the total value of the project over its lifespan. In part a), we compared the NPVs of the two projects, which consider the total value of each project. The NPV takes into account the time value of money and provides a more comprehensive measure of the project's value. Therefore, the EANB alone is not sufficient to confirm the result from part a).
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Call Doug manufacturing Inc. reported sales of $820,000 at the end of last year; but this year, sales are expected to grow by 8%. Cold duck expects to maintain its current profit margin of 20% and dividends payout ratio of 20%. The firms total assets equaled $475,000 and were operated at full capacity. Call ducks balance sheet shows the following current liabilities accounts payable of $75,000 notes payable of $35,000 in accrued liabilities of $60,000 based on the AFN equation, what is the firms AFN for the coming year?
The firm's AFN for the coming year is approximately -$98,816.
To calculate the Additional Funds Needed (AFN) for the coming year, we need to consider the increase in assets, increase in spontaneous liabilities, and retained earnings.
Given information:
Current year sales: $820,000
Sales growth rate: 8%
Profit margin: 20%
Dividend payout ratio: 20%
Total assets: $475,000
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable: $75,000
Notes payable: $35,000
Accrued liabilities: $60,000
First, let's calculate the projected sales for the coming year:
Projected sales = Current year sales + (Sales growth rate * Current year sales)
Projected sales = $820,000 + (0.08 * $820,000)
Next, let's calculate the projected net income for the coming year:
Projected net income = Projected sales * Profit margin
Projected net income = Projected sales * 0.20
Now, let's calculate the increase in assets:
Increase in assets = Projected sales * (1 - Profit margin)
Increase in assets = Projected sales * 0.80
Next, let's calculate the increase in spontaneous liabilities:
Increase in spontaneous liabilities = Projected sales * (1 - Dividend payout ratio)
Increase in spontaneous liabilities = Projected sales * 0.80
Finally, let's calculate the AFN:
AFN = Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities - Retained earnings
AFN = (Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities) - (Projected net income * (1 - Dividend payout ratio))
Plug in the values:
AFN = (Increase in assets - Increase in spontaneous liabilities) - (Projected net income * (1 - Dividend payout ratio))
AFN = (Projected sales * 0.80 - Projected sales * 0.80) - (Projected net income * 0.80)
Simplify:
AFN = 0 - (Projected net income * 0.80)
AFN = -Projected net income * 0.80
Now, substitute the values and calculate the AFN:
AFN = - (Projected net income * 0.80)
AFN = - (($820,000 + (0.08 * $820,000)) * 0.20 * 0.80)
Calculate the result:
AFN ≈ -$98,816
The firm's AFN for the coming year is approximately -$98,816.
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One Year Ago, Your Company Purchased A Machine Used In Manufacturing For $90,000. You Have Learned That A New Machine Is Available That Offers Many Advantages And That You Can Purchase It For $160,000 Today. The CCA Rate Applicable To Both Machines Is 40%; Neither Machine Will Have Any Long-Term Salvage Value. You Expect That The New Machine Will Produce
Based on the given information, the new machine is available for purchase at a cost of $160,000.
To determine the cost of each machine, we need to consider the Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) rate of 40% for both machines. The CCA rate represents the rate at which the cost of an asset can be deducted for tax purposes.
For the machine purchased one year ago, its initial cost was $90,000. Applying the CCA rate of 40%, we can calculate the CCA deduction as follows:
CCA deduction = Initial cost × CCA rate
= $90,000 × 0.40
= $36,000
The adjusted cost of the machine after one year is the initial cost minus the CCA deduction:
Adjusted cost = Initial cost - CCA deduction
= $90,000 - $36,000
= $54,000
Now, let's calculate the net cost of the new machine, taking into account the tax deduction of the old machine:
Net cost of new machine = Purchase cost of new machine - Tax deduction from selling old machine
Tax deduction from selling old machine = CCA deduction for old machine
Tax deduction from selling old machine = $36,000
Net cost of new machine = $160,000 - $36,000
= $124,000
The net cost of the new machine, taking into account the tax deduction from selling the old machine, is $124,000. Therefore, if the new machine offers significant advantages and is within your budget, it may be a worthwhile investment compared to continuing with the old machine. However, other factors such as the expected increase in production or potential cost savings should also be considered in making the final decision.
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Which do you prefer: a bank account that pays 5.9% per year (EAR) for three years or a. An account that pays 2.4% every six months for three years? b. An account that pays 8.4% every 18 months for three years? c. An account that pays 0.74% per month for three years? (Note: Compare your current bank EAR with each of the three alternative accounts. Be careful not to round any intermediate steps less than six decimal places.) If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 5.9% per year for three years: The amount you will receive after three years is $ (Round to five decimal places.) a. An account that pays 2.4% every six months for 3 years? If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 2.4% every six months for three years: The amount you will receive after three years is $ (Round to five decimal places.) Which bank account would you prefer? (Select from the drop-down menu.) b. An account that pays 8.4% every 18 months for 3 years? If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 8.4% every 18 months for three years: The amount you will receive after three years is $ (Round to five decimal places.) Which bank account would you prefer? (Select from the drop-down menu.) c. An account that pays 0.74% per month for three years? If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 0.74% per month for three years The amount you will receive after three years is $ (Round to five decimal places.) Which bank account would you prefer? (Select from the drop-down menu.)
(a). An account that pays 2.4% every six months for three years. (b). An account that pays 8.4% every 18 months for three years. (c). An account that pays 0.74% per month for three years.
To compare the different bank accounts, we need to calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for each option. The formula for EAR is: EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1, where r is the nominal interest rate and n is the number of compounding periods per year.
a. EAR for 2.4% every six months: EAR = (1 + 0.024/2)^2 - 1 = 0.024096.
b. EAR for 8.4% every 18 months: EAR = (1 + 0.084/2)^2 - 1 = 0.085338.
c. EAR for 0.74% per month: EAR = (1 + 0.0074/12)^12 - 1 = 0.090632.
To calculate the final amount after three years, we use the formula: Final Amount = Principal * (1 + EAR)^n.
For the initial deposit of $1:
a. Final amount = $1 * (1 + 0.024096)^6 = $1.14593.
b. Final amount = $1 * (1 + 0.085338)^2 = $1.17905.
c. Final amount = $1 * (1 + 0.090632)^36 = $1.34685.
Based on the calculations, the preferable bank account option is c. An account that pays 0.74% per month for three years, as it yields the highest final amount after three years.
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Covered Interest Arbitrage.
Assume the following information:
Quoted Price
Spot rate (¥/$) 118.60
180-day forward rate (¥/$) 117.80
1-year Japanese yen interest rate 3.40%
1-year US dollar interest rate 4.80%
Given this information, what would be the semiannual yield (percentage return) of a Tokyo investor who used covered interest arbitrage by investing in the U.S? (Assume the investor has ¥/593,000,000 of arbitrage funds available) What would be the potential profit from doing coverage interest arbitrage
The semiannual yield (percentage return) for a Tokyo investor using covered interest arbitrage by investing in the US would be approximately 2.38%. The potential profit from this covered interest arbitrage would be approximately 7,052,700.
To calculate the semiannual yield, we need to determine the forward premium or discount. In this case, the forward rate is 117.80, and the spot rate is 118.60. The forward premium is calculated as (Forward Rate - Spot Rate) / Spot Rate. Therefore, the forward premium is (117.80 - 118.60) / 118.60 = -0.67%.
Next, we need to calculate the effective semiannual interest rate differential. The effective interest rate differential is given by
interest rate × 0.5 - 1
Finally, the semiannual yield is calculated as the forward premium plus the effective semiannual interest rate differential, which gives us -0.67% + 2.44% = 1.77%. Since we are looking for the yield on Yen 593,000,000, the potential profit would be -593,000,000 * 1.77% = /10,492,410. However, the question asks for the semiannual yield, so we divide the potential profit by 2 to get 7,052,700.
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Today, on January 1,2022 , you have received a reward for a sum of money from your father amounting to RM10,000.00 for achievement in university studies. From the amount received, RM9,000.00 is used for personal needs, and the balance is deposited into a savings account in a local bank that pays annual interest of 8%. REQUIRED: a. If the bank compounds interest annually, how much will you have in your account on January 1,2025 ? b. What will your January 1,2025 , balance be if the bank uses quarterly compounding? c. Suppose you deposit RM1,000.00 in three payments of RM333.33 each on January 1 of 2023,2024 , and 2025. How much will you have in your account on January 1,2025 , based on 8% annual compounding? d. How much will be in your account if the three payments begin on January 1, 2022? e. Suppose you deposit three equal payments into your account on January 1 of 2023, 2024, and 2025 . Assuming an 8% interest rate, how large must your payments be to have the same ending balance as in part a?
a. If the bank compounds interest annually, the amount in the account on January 1, 2025 is calculated as follows:Balance after 3 years = RM1 + RM r (1 + i)nWhere r is the remaining balance after using RM9,000 out of RM10,000, or r = RM1,000i = 8% = 0.08n = 3 years= RM1 + RM1,000 (1 + 0.08)³= RM1 + RM1,000 (1.259712)≈ RM1 + RM1,259.71 = RM1,260 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Therefore, the amount in the account on January 1, 2025 is approximately RM1,260.b. The amount in the account on January 1, 2025, if the bank uses quarterly compounding, is calculated as follows Balance after 3 years = RM1 + RM r (1 + i/n)ntWhere:r = RM1,000i = 8% = 0.08n = 4 (since quarterly) t = 3 years= RM1 + RM1,000 (1 + 0.02)¹²= RM1 + RM1,000 (1.268241)≈ RM1 + RM1,268.24 = RM1,269 (rounded to the nearest cent).Therefore, the amount in the account on January 1, 2025, is approximately RM1,269.
Suppose you deposit RM1,000 in three payments of RM333.33 each on January 1 of 2023,2024, and 2025. The amount in the account on January 1, 2025, based on 8% annual compounding is calculated as follows:The future value of the first deposit, made on January 1, 2023:RM333.33 (1 + 0.08)²= RM366.13The future value of the second deposit, made on January 1, 2024:RM333.33 (1 + 0.08) = RM360The future value of the third deposit, made on January 1, 2025:RM333.33Since the deposits are made at different times, we cannot add their future values directly. Instead, we must calculate the future value of each deposit to the end of the three-year period.
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Suppose that an island was going to create a cap-and-trade system for lobster. The demand for a permit to catch 1 pound of lobster is given by:
QD=200-2P.
If the island stays open-access, determine the quantity of lobster that would be harvested.
Answer:
Check
In an open-access system, there are no restrictions on the harvest of lobster. Therefore, the quantity of lobster that would be harvested can be determined by setting the price (P) equal to zero in the demand equation.
QD = 200 - 2P
Setting P = 0:
QD = 200 - 2(0)
QD = 200
Thus, in an open-access system, the quantity of lobster that would be harvested is 200 pounds. It is important to note that this assumes there are no constraints or regulations limiting the harvest and that all fishermen can freely access and catch lobster without any restrictions or permits.
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4. Financial security with low degree risk and investment held
by businesses is classified as
A. treasury bills
B. commercial paper
C. negotiable certificate of deposit
D. money market mutual funds
Financial security is the provision of protection against unforeseen circumstances that can cause financial loss or instability. The correct answer to the question is money market mutual funds i.e. option d.
It's a general term that refers to the extent to which an individual or family has access to financial resources. It refers to the availability of resources that can help one cope with financial difficulties, such as job loss, medical expenses, or other unforeseen expenses. Low degree risk is the protection of the investor's principal investment against losses caused by market fluctuations. A low degree of risk means that the investment has a low probability of suffering a loss, which ensures that the investor receives a steady income.
Investments held by businesses are financial instruments that businesses purchase as part of their investment portfolio, with the intention of earning returns. They are usually invested in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities. Such investments provide businesses with an additional source of income. Money market mutual funds are short-term, low-risk financial instruments that invest in highly liquid and low-risk assets, such as certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and treasury bills.
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Simon Sinek’s Main Point Is That You Need To Have Simple Language To Make A Strategy Stick. Describe A Business-Finance Degree To Someone That Has Never Gone To University And Is Not Familiar With This Degree. What Simple Language Would You Use?
A business-finance degree is a program that teaches you about managing money and making smart financial decisions for companies.
You learn about budgeting, investing, and analyzing financial data to help businesses grow and succeed. In a business-finance degree, you gain knowledge about various aspects of finance and how they apply to businesses. You learn how to create budgets, which are plans that outline how a company will spend its money. By analyzing financial statements and data, you can assess a company's financial health and make recommendations for improvement. You also learn about investing, which involves using money to generate more money. This includes understanding stocks, bonds, and other investment options. Additionally, you explore topics like risk management and financial forecasting to help businesses make informed decisions and mitigate potential challenges. A business-finance degree equips you with the skills to handle money effectively in a business context.
It provides knowledge about managing budgets, analyzing financial data, and making wise financial decisions to help companies thrive.
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This type of fixed-price contract includes a clause to protect the seller from conditions such as inflation, or commodity cost increases.
a. Firm-Fixed-Price (FFP) Contract
b. Fixed-Price-Incentive-Fee (FPIF) Contract
c. Fixed-Price-Economic-Price-Adjustment (FP-EPA) Contract
d. Time and Materials (T&M) Contract
A Fixed-Price-Economic-Price-Adjustment (FP-EPA) Contract includes a clause to protect the seller from conditions such as inflation, or commodity cost increases.
The Fixed-Price Economic Price Adjustment (FP-EPA) is a kind of fixed-price contract that adjusts as per an economic index chosen before. It's frequently used when the contract has a long performance period that spans several years, and it's used to protect the seller from unstable or unpredictable situations like inflation or commodity price hikes.
The economic index chosen varies from one contract to another, and it's normally connected to the seller's costs for the service or product that the buyer requires.In an FP-EPA contract, the seller agrees to give a product or service for a fixed price, which is then adjusted up or down based on the particular economic indicators that apply to the contract.
The contract duration, economic index base, and formula for price adjustment are all specified in the contract.The clause is intended to protect the seller from unexpected economic risks while maintaining the fixed-price aspect of the contract. It enables the seller to raise their rates to keep pace with the increased cost of their goods or services, while still maintaining a stable pricing mechanism for the buyer.
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he quantity supplied of a good, service, or resource equals the quantity demanded at the quantity. (enter one word as your answer.)
The term is "equilibrium." The quantity supplied of a good, service, or resource equals the quantity demanded at the equilibrium.
The term that describes the situation when the quantity supplied of a good, service, or resource equals the quantity demanded is called "equilibrium." In equilibrium, the market is in balance, with no excess supply or demand. At this point, the price and quantity are at a stable state, and there is no inherent tendency for the market to move away from this point.
Equilibrium is achieved when the forces of supply and demand are in sync, resulting in a situation where buyers are willing to purchase exactly what sellers are willing to sell. It represents a state of balance where market forces determine the optimal allocation of resources.
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Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods.
Yes, two countries can still achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. This concept is known as comparative advantage.
Absolute advantage refers to a situation where a country can produce a good more efficiently or with fewer resources than another country. However, comparative advantage considers the opportunity cost of producing a particular good.
The opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone when choosing one option over another. When two countries have different opportunity costs in producing goods, there is potential for mutually beneficial trade.
To understand this, let's consider an example with two countries: Country A and Country B. Country A has an absolute advantage in producing both cars and textiles, meaning it can produce more of both goods with the same resources compared to Country B. However, we need to examine the opportunity costs to determine comparative advantage.
Suppose that to produce one car, Country A needs to sacrifice the production of 10 textiles, while Country B needs to sacrifice the production of 8 textiles. In this scenario, Country B has a lower opportunity cost of producing cars (8 textiles) compared to Country A (10 textiles). Conversely, Country A has a lower opportunity cost of producing textiles (1/10 car) compared to Country B (1/8 car).
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Your company, Zenith Horizons Inc. came up with a 5000 MT/yr plant design capacity for the manufacture of liquid detergent (Sp.Gr. =1.06; sold at P70/litre), which is targeted to operate by 2019. The production process flow chart is depicted in the schematic diagram given below. The company start-up capital is P100M investment of which funds were sourced out from venture capitalists with an interest expense of 14% per annum. The cost of goods sold to produce the product is P15/liter and the conservative target for operating expense is P12M/year. The projected sales from production were targeted at 4M Litres, where the remaining inventory shall be included in the equity; and year-end tax applied is 10% of net sales. Assume straight line depreciation for plant acquisition at P70M for economic life of 25 years (salvage value is 20% of acquisition cost). You are presumed knowledgeable about the process engineering and technology involved in this case study.
Construct your Projected Income Statement at the end of 2019 (or beginning of 2020) and show your estimation and calculation of entries with correct labels.
The Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
Here is the projected income statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 with the necessary calculations:
Projected Income Statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020ParticularsSalesRevenue from sales = (4,000,000 liters x P70/liter)P280,000,000Cost of goods sold
Variable cost = (P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters)P60,000,000
Fixed costP12,000,000
Total cost of goods sold P72,000,000
Gross ProfitP208,000,000
Operating Expense Fixed Operating ExpenseP12,000,000Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT)P196,000,000Interest ExpenseP14,000,000Profit Before Tax (PBT)P182,000,000Income Tax (10% of PBT)P18,200,000Net Profit After Tax (NPAT)P163,800,000
Calculation:1. Sales: Sales = 4,000,000 liters x P70/liter = P280,000,0002. Variable cost:
Variable cost = P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters = P60,000,0003. Total cost of goods sold:
Total cost of goods sold = Variable cost + Fixed cost = P60,000,000 + P12,000,000 = P72,000,0004. Gross Profit:
Gross Profit = Sales - Total cost of goods sold = P280,000,000 - P72,000,000 = P208,000,0005.
Operating Expense:
Operating Expense = Fixed Operating Expense = P12,000,0006. Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT):PBT = Gross Profit - Operating Expense = P208,000,000 - P12,000,000 = P196,000,0007. Interest Expense:Interest Expense = P100,000,000 x 14% = P14,000,0008.
Profit Before Tax (PBT):PBT = PBT - Interest Expense = P196,000,000 - P14,000,000 = P182,000,0009. Income Tax:Income Tax = 10% of PBT = 10% x P182,000,000 = P18,200,00010. Net Profit After Tax (NPAT):NPAT = PBT - Income Tax = P182,000,000 - P18,200,000 = P163,800,000
Therefore, the Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
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Orbital Communications has operating plants in over 100 countries. It also keeps funds for transactions purposes in many foreign countries. Assume in 2010 it held 350,000 kronas in Norway worth $60,000. The funds drew 8 percent interest, and the krona increased 4 percent against the dollar.
What is the value of the holdings, based on U.S. dollars, at year-end?
The value of the holdings, based on US dollars, at year-end, was 67,200.
Given that Orbital Communications held 350,000 kronas in Norway worth 60,000 in 2010 and the funds drew 8% interest and the krona increased 4% against the dollar, we are to determine the value of the holdings based on US dollars, at year-end.
To calculate the value of the holdings, we will use the following formula;
Value of Holdings = Principal + Interest + Currency gain or loss
Let;Principal = 60,000,Interest = 8%,Currency gain or loss = 4%
Based on the above formula, we can calculate the value of the holdings as follows;
Principal = 60,000,Interest = 8% = (8/100) x 60,000 = 4,800
Currency gain or loss = 4% = (4/100) x 60,000 = 2,400
Value of Holdings = 60,000 + 4,800 + 2,400 = 67,200
The value of the holdings, based on US dollars, at year-end, was 67,200.
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BUDGET LINES A consumer has $300 to spend on goods X and Y. The market prices of these two goods are Px-$15 and Py=$5. A. What is the slope of the budget line? This is also called the MRS or Market Rate of Substitution. B. Graph the budget line and shade the opportunity set. C.-Write the equation for the opportunity set. D. Assume the consumer's opportunity set changes if income increases by $300 to $600. How does this $300 increase in income change the slope of the budget line? E. Graph the budget line when Px-$15 and Py-$5 and Income $600. F. Write the equation of the budget line in part E).
A. The slope of the budget line is Px/Py, which is $15/$5 = 3. This is also referred to as the MRS or the Market Rate of Substitution.
We have to find out the slope of the budget line.
Budget Line: The budget line is a line that represents all of the combinations of two goods that can be purchased with a specific amount of income, given their prices. To begin, we'll look at the quantity of each good that can be purchased at different prices.
The slope of the budget line represents the tradeoff between the two commodities that the customer must make in order to maximize utility.
B. The graph of the budget line and opportunity set is shown below: A consumer has a budget of $300 to spend on X and Y goods. The market price for good X is $15, while the market price for good Y is $5. On the X-axis, the consumer's maximum amount of good X is 20 units ($300 ÷ $15 per unit), whereas on the Y-axis, the maximum amount of good Y is 60 units ($300 ÷ $5 per unit). The equation for the opportunity set can be obtained by solving the budget line for Y. Y = ($300/$5) - ($15/$5)X = 60 - 3X.
C. The equation for the opportunity set is Y = ($300/$5) - ($15/$5)X = 60 - 3X.
D. As a result, the budget line's slope (MRS) will remain constant, with each commodity's price remaining the same. As a result, the slope of the budget line remains constant as the budget changes.
E. The graph of the budget line and opportunity set is shown below: When the price of X is $15 and the price of Y is $5, and the customer has an income of $600, the budget line will shift out and become parallel to the original budget line but will be twice as far away from the origin. The budget line's slope is still 3.
F. The equation for the budget line is Y = ($600/$5) - ($15/$5)X = 120 - 3X.
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An inflation-indexed Treasury bond has a par value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 6 percent. An investor purchases this bond and holds it for one year. During the year, the consumer price index increases by 1 percent every six months, for a total increase in inflation of 2 percent. What are the total interest payments the investor will receive during the year?
Assume that the U.S. economy experienced deflation during the year, and that the consumer price index decreased by 1 percent in the first six months of the year, and by 2 percent during the second six months of the year. If an investor had purchased inflation-indexed Treasury bonds with a par value of $10,000 and a coupon rate of 5 percent, how much would she have received in interest during the year?
The total interest payments the investor will receive during the year for the inflation-indexed Treasury bond with a par value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 6 percent.
First six months: $1,000 × 6% = $60
Second six months: $1,000 × 6% = $60
Therefore, the total interest payments received during the year will be $60 + $60 = $120.
For the inflation-indexed Treasury bonds with a par value of $10,000 and a coupon rate of 5 percent, the interest payments will be adjusted based on the changes in the consumer price index (CPI) due to deflation.
First six months: $10,000 × 5% = $500
Second six months: ($10,000 - 1% × $10,000) × 5% = $495
Therefore, the total interest received during the year will be $500 + $495 = $995.
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Determine the total interest paid over the life of a mortgage of
$280 000.00 borrowed for 20 years at 4.4% per year compounded
semi-annually.
The total interest paid over the life of a $280,000 mortgage borrowed for 20 years at a 4.4% annual interest rate compounded semi-annually is approximately $255,187.71.
To calculate the total interest paid over the life of a mortgage, we need to use the formula for compound interest. The formula is:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the total amount including principal and interest
P = the principal amount (loan amount)
r = the annual interest rate (expressed as a decimal)
n = the number of compounding periods per year
t = the number of years
Given:
Principal amount (P) = $280,000.00
Annual interest rate (r) = 4.4% or 0.044 (expressed as a decimal)
Number of compounding periods per year (n) = 2 (semi-annual compounding)
Number of years (t) = 20
Plugging in the values into the formula:
A = $280,000(1 + 0.044/2)^(2*20)
A ≈ $535,187.71
To find the total interest paid, we subtract the principal amount from the total amount:
Total interest paid = A - P
Total interest paid = $535,187.71 - $280,000.00
Total interest paid ≈ $255,187.71
Therefore, the total interest paid over the life of the mortgage is approximately $255,187.71.
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Consider a 10-year loan of 1,000 with inflation protection. The loan agreement specifies a continuously compounded interest rate of 4%, and that the repayment amount will be adjusted by a factor equal to the value of a particular price index on the repayment date, divided by the value of that index on the date of the loan. Suppose that the value of the price index specified in the agreement is 201.9 on the date of the loan and 241.8 at the end of the loan's 10-year term.
What is the repayment amount the lender receives? What was the real rate of return for this loan, and what was the nominal rate of return?
(Express your answers as continuously compounded rates.)
Given: A 10-year loan of 1,000 with inflation protection. The loan agreement specifies a continuously compounded interest rate of 4%, and that the repayment amount will be adjusted by a factor equal to the value of a particular price index on the repayment date, divided by the value of that index on the date of the loan.
The value of the price index specified in the agreement is 201.9 on the date of the loan and 241.8 at the end of the loan's 10-year term.The lender receives 1,000 × 241.8 / 201.9 = 1184.08 nominal repayment amount.The nominal rate of return is given as follows:r nominal = ln (Repayment amount / Loan amount) / nWhere, ln = natural logarithm, n = number of periods.r nominal = ln (1,184.08 / 1,000) / 10r nominal = 3.69%The real rate of return is given as follows:r real = (1 + r nominal) / (1 + i) - 1Where, i = inflation r real = (1 + 3.69%) / (1 + 2.22%) - 1r real = 1.45%Therefore, the nominal rate of return is 3.69% and the real rate of return is 1.45%.
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