The assumption that is least robust to violation in a single-sample t-test is that the collected data are normally distributed. So, option c is correct.
In a single-sample t-test, the assumption of normality pertains to the distribution of the variable under consideration in the population. Violating this assumption can affect the validity and accuracy of the t-test results. However, it's worth noting that the t-test is quite robust to deviations from normality, especially with larger sample sizes (typically greater than 30) due to the central limit theorem.
On the other hand, the assumptions of having collected data from a random sample and having independent observations are fundamental to the application of statistical tests in general, including the t-test. These assumptions ensure that the sample is representative of the population and that the observations are not influenced by each other. Violations of these assumptions can introduce bias and affect the validity of the statistical inference.
Therefore, while all assumptions are important, the assumption of normality is typically the least robust to violation in the context of a single-sample t-test. So, option c is correct.
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Complete question:
When conducting a single-sample t test, the assumption that is least robust to violation is that the:
collected data are dependent of each other.
data are collected from a random sample.
data are normally distributed.
collected data are independent of each other.
Which therapy is based on behavioral theories? select all
that apply
A. Biofeedback
B. aversion therapy
C. behavior modification
D. person-centered modification
E. systematic desensitization"
The therapies based on behavioral theories are:
A. Biofeedback
B. Aversion therapy
C. Behavior modification
E. Systematic desensitization
D. Person-centered modification is not based on behavioral theories. It is a therapeutic approach associated with humanistic psychology, specifically Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy.
This is a Multiple Choice Question. Select the ONE answer you think is correct.
What French author accompanied the troops of Louis VII to the East, and described the French soldiers' antipathy to Byzantine customs and religion?
Odo of Deuil
Robert the Monk
Fulcher of Chartres
Odo of Deuil, a French author, accompanied Louis VII's troops to the East during the Crusades and documented the French soldiers' antipathy towards Byzantine customs and religion in his work.
Odo of Deuil was a French author who accompanied the troops of Louis VII, the King of France, on the Second Crusade to the East. He wrote a historical account titled "De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem" ("The Journey of Louis VII to the East"), which documented the events and experiences of the French soldiers during the Crusade.
Odo of Deuil's narrative provides insights into the attitudes and reactions of the French soldiers towards the customs and religion of the Byzantine Empire. He describes their antipathy, or strong dislike, towards the Byzantine practices they encountered during their journey.
Odo of Deuil's account offers valuable historical information about the cultural interactions and conflicts that occurred during the Crusades and provides a perspective on the French soldiers' perspectives and experiences in the East.
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When approached by a stranger on the street who asks for a dollar, few people would probably give the stranger money. According to the norm of social responsibility, however, we are more willing to help this stranger if
Group of answer choices
he or she provides a good reason for needing the money.
he or she is similar to us.
he or she has done a favor for us.
she is a female rather than a male (given that we offer help to females more than males).
When approached by a stranger on the street who asks for a dollar, few people would probably give the stranger money. The correct option is A.
According to the norm of social responsibility, however, we are more willing to help this stranger if they provide a good reason for needing the money. The norm of social responsibility is an individual's desire to support the welfare of others, even at the cost of personal benefit. When we come across someone in need of help, our normal social responsibility tells us that it is our responsibility to offer help because that's how we will benefit from others when we're in need of help in the future. When approached by a stranger on the street who asks for a dollar, few people would probably give the stranger money.
According to the norm of social responsibility, however, we are more willing to help this stranger if they provide a good reason for needing the money. In conclusion, we are more likely to help someone if they provide a good reason for needing the money because it helps us feel that our support is needed and that we are contributing to the social welfare of our community.
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1. The United States is a liberal-democratic welfare state, meaning in part that the poor receive some assistance which is usually temporary and minimal in scope.
True
False
2.The single most defining characteristic of the capitalist class is:
a. that they make up approximately 1% of all households.
b. that they work harder and delay gratification more than do members of any other class.
c. that, after 2007, the capitalist class has shouldered the majority of all private debt / liability.
d. that its members tend to generate income primarily through their wealth rather than through employment income.
The statement "The United States is a liberal-democratic welfare state, meaning in part that the poor receive some assistance which is usually temporary and minimal in scope" is true and The single most defining characteristic of the capitalist class is "that its members tend to generate income primarily through their wealth rather than through employment income." So, option d is correct.
A liberal democracy is a democratic system in which the individual rights and freedoms of citizens are protected by law. A welfare state is a system in which the government provides some level of economic and social support to its citizens, often including healthcare, education, and assistance for the poor.
The United States is considered a liberal-democratic welfare state because it provides some level of social welfare programs to its citizens. However, these programs are often limited and temporary in nature, and the assistance provided to the poor is often minimal.
2. The single most defining characteristic of the capitalist class is "that its members tend to generate income primarily through their wealth rather than through employment income."
Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own and control the means of production and distribution of goods and services. The capitalist class, also known as the bourgeoisie, is the class that owns and controls the means of production in a capitalist system.
The single most defining characteristic of the capitalist class is that its members tend to generate income primarily through their wealth rather than through employment income. This means that the capitalist class derives its income from ownership of assets such as stocks, real estate, and other investments, rather than from working for a salary or wage. So, option d is correct.
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1. As a newly-hired public teacher, how would you contribute to creating a positive culture in your school? Answer this by treating SCHOOL CULTURE as an acronym. You can use more than 1 word for each letter.
2. As a newly-hired public teacher, how would you be able to contribute to creating a healthy school climate? Answer this by treating SCHOOL CLIMATE as an acronym. You can use more than 1 word for each letter.
1. As a newly-hired public teacher, how would you contribute to creating a positive culture in your school? Answer this by treating SCHOOL CULTURE as an acronym. School culture is the embodiment of beliefs, values, traditions, and social interactions that influence how individuals behave in school. It is the responsibility of every teacher to help create a positive school culture.
The SCHOOL CULTURE acronym stands for:
S - Share
H - Help
O - Open-minded
O - Optimistic
L - Listen
To establish a positive school culture, teachers must Share their knowledge with colleagues and the community, Help students, colleagues and parents whenever possible, be Open-minded, Optimistic, and Listen to everyone in the school community.
2. As a newly-hired public teacher, how would you be able to contribute to creating a healthy school climate? Answer this by treating SCHOOL CLIMATE as an acronym. School climate refers to the atmosphere, the mood, the environment, and the feel of the school. It is determined by the individual attitudes, behaviors, and interactions of everyone in the school community, including teachers, students, and administrators. The SCHOOL CLIMATE acronym stands for:
S - Supportive
C - Caring
H - Honest
O - Open-minded
O - Optimistic
L - Loving
C - Collaborative
L - Lively
I - Inclusive
M - Motivating
A - Affirming
T - Trustworthy
E - Enthusiastic
To create a healthy school climate, teachers must be Supportive, Caring, Honest, Open-minded, Optimistic, Loving, Collaborative, Lively, Inclusive, Motivating, Affirming, Trustworthy, and Enthusiastic. This will enable everyone in the school community to work together, support each other, and contribute to a positive school environment.
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QUESTION 17 Which of the following citations is correct? A. Most cats are allergic to pollen (Smith & Jones, 1980; Black & White, 2001). B. Most cats are allergic to pollen (Black & White, 2001; Smith & Jones, 1980). C. Most cats are allergic to pollen (Black & White and Smith and Jones; 2001 / 1980). D. According to Black and White (2001), most cats are allergic to pollen (Smith and Jones, 1980).
The correct citation among the given options is: D. According to Black and White (2001), most cats are allergic to pollen (Smith and Jones, 1980).
Citation is a reference to the sources of research used in the paper. The format of citations can vary depending on the citation style. However, the basic information included in every citation includes the author's name, the publication date, and the page number of the source. The purpose of citations is to give credit to the authors whose work has been used in the research. They help in avoiding plagiarism. Citations are included in the text as well as in the reference list. The given citation can be broken down into three parts:
According to Black and White (2001), most cats are allergic to pollen (Smith and Jones, 1980). Therefore, the correct citation among the given options is D. According to Black and White (2001), most cats are allergic to pollen (Smith and Jones, 1980).
Option A is incorrect because the order of the authors should be chronological. Option B is correct in terms of the order of the authors but the citation style is incorrect. Option C is incorrect because it does not mention the page number.
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Compare and contrast two theoretical perspectives (800 words).
The unit learning outcome(s) assessed is/are:
• LO 1; Demonstrate a foundational understanding of ethical frameworks and theories that underpin professional practice in criminal justice contexts;
• LO 2; Apply the study of ethics to the practices and relations of criminal and social justice
• LO 3; Apply ethical principles to 'real life' problems and issues in professional practice within the criminal justice system.
Theoretical perspectives are essential in the understanding of criminal justice contexts. Two theoretical perspectives that are relevant to the study of ethics and professional practice in criminal justice contexts are the retributive justice theory and the restorative justice theory.
Retributive justice theory suggests that criminals should be punished based on the extent of their crimes. In this perspective, justice is served through the punishment of offenders. On the other hand, the restorative justice theory is based on the idea that justice should focus on repairing the harm caused by criminal acts.
In contrast to retributive justice theory, the restorative justice theory seeks to restore relationships between the offender and the victim. It aims to find ways to compensate the victim and to help the offender understand the harm caused by their actions.
In retributive justice theory, the criminal justice system is focused on punishment, deterrence, and retribution. This approach is based on the idea that punishment should be proportionate to the harm caused. Retributive justice theory justifies the use of imprisonment and other forms of punishment to ensure that criminals are held accountable for their actions.
Restorative justice theory, on the other hand, aims to repair the harm caused by criminal acts by focusing on the needs of the victim, the offender, and the community. This approach aims to promote healing and reconciliation by bringing the parties together to discuss the harm caused and to find ways to repair it.
In conclusion, the retributive justice theory and the restorative justice theory offer different perspectives on how justice can be served in criminal justice contexts. While retributive justice theory focuses on punishment and retribution, restorative justice theory focuses on repairing harm and promoting healing and reconciliation.
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which citation is correct: group of answer choices doe et al. (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day. doe etc. (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day. doe (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day (doe, jones
The correct citation is "Doe et al. (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day." This is because "et al." is used when citing a work with multiple authors, and including all of their names would make the citation too long. In this case, there are multiple authors, so "et al." is necessary.
In academic writing, citations are used to give credit to the original source of information and to allow readers to find that source for further reading. There are different citation styles, but most require you to include the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses within the text. If the source has multiple authors, you may use "et al." instead of listing all of their names. In the given example, the citation "Doe et al. (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day" is correct because there are multiple authors. The other options ("doe etc. (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day" and "doe (2019) argued that each person requires eight cups of water a day (doe, jones)") are not correct because they do not use the correct format for citing works with multiple authors.
In conclusion, it is important to use the correct citation style and format when citing sources in academic writing.
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How is empirical data collected?
Select one:
a.
Through personal reflection
b.
Through the senses
c.
Through an immersion into culture
d.
Through narratives
Empirical data refers to the data that is gathered through observation or experimentation. It involves the collection of data from direct observation and experience, and the collection of information from existing literature on a topic. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
How is empirical data collected?Empirical data is collected through the senses. This is a factual statement that is verifiable through observation or experience. Empirical data is observable, and therefore the collection of this data is done through the use of the five senses. The senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell are used to collect information about the environment or object being studied.
In scientific research, empirical data is collected using various methods, such as surveys, experiments, or observations. The collected data is then analyzed, and conclusions are drawn based on the data obtained. Empirical data is considered reliable because it is based on facts and is verifiable. It is also objective, as it is not influenced by the personal beliefs or opinions of the researcher.Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Empirical data is collected through the senses.
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Max Weber wrote about Bureaucracy in Germany over 100 years ago so he probably did not anticipate the kind of technology that we have today. Is there a seventh rule that you could add to the list; a rule that would improve the Bureaucracy?
The seventh rule that can be added to Webber's list would be to embrace and adapt to technological advancements for streamlined processes and efficiency.
Max Weber is considered the father of bureaucratic management theory, which emphasizes strict hierarchy, specialized roles, and standardized procedures. In today's fast-paced technological era, a valuable addition to Weber's six rules would be the incorporation of advanced tools and systems to enhance bureaucracy. Embracing technology can bring about significant improvements, such as automation of routine tasks, digitization of records, and online platforms for public service interactions.
By leveraging these advancements in technology, bureaucracies can eliminate redundant paperwork, reduce processing times, and improve overall efficiency. However, it is crucial to strike a balance, as technology should complement human decision-making rather than replacing it entirely, ensuring that bureaucracy remains accountable, transparent, and responsive to citizens' needs.
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1. Trait psychologists have popularized one of the most widely used models for understanding personality traits. Outline this 5-Factor Model and provide an example of each trait that may manifest during one of the stages of human growth. A different stage of development is required for each personality trait.
2. Provide an outline of the five (5) main dream theories and your critical analysis for each.
3. Identify five (5) of psychology’s perspectives that is of interest to you and state your rationale for each
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is a widely accepted approach in psychology that suggests that five major personality traits determine an individual’s character.
The five traits, which are also known as the ‘Big Five’, include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. All five of these traits remain relatively stable throughout a person’s life, though individuals may express each one differently at different stages of their development. For example, a toddler may express openness to experience by being curious and eager to explore the world around them.
As that child reaches school age, they may become more conscientious and organized about completing their homework. Meanwhile, an adolescent may express extraversion by wanted to socialize with peers more than before while an adult may become more agreeable when forming relationships with work or family members. Finally, someone who experiences higher levels of neuroticism may be more anxious when facing stressful situations.
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The Question-
Trait psychologists have popularized one of the most widely used models for understanding personality traits. Outline this 5-Factor Model and provide an example of each trait that may manifest during one of the stages of human growth. A different stage of development is required for each personality trait.
Markus and kitayma contrasted the construal of self as as indepent, separate entity against a:_______
Markus and Kitayama contrasted the construal of self as an independent, separate entity against a construal of self as interdependent.
Markus and Kitayama (1991) contrasted the construal of self as an independent, separate entity against a construal of self as interdependent. The authors contend that the sense of self is central to human motivation and that differences between cultures in the sense of self lead to corresponding differences in motivation.
Cultures that place a strong emphasis on the individual, as does North American culture, promote an independent view of the self.
Thus, Markus and Kitayama have contrasted the construal of self as an independent, separate entity against a construal of self as interdependent. According to them, the sense of self is central to human motivation, and differences between cultures in the sense of self lead to corresponding differences in motivation. Cultures that place a strong emphasis on the individual promote an independent view of the self.
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What do you think would be good strategies for
preventing addictions/ substance use disorders? (For
instance, what strategies could be put into place in school, such
as high school, or at work, etc.)
Preventing addictions and substance use disorders requires a comprehensive approach involving various strategies implemented at different levels, including schools and workplaces.
Implement evidence-based education programs in schools and workplaces that provide accurate information about the risks and consequences of substance use. These programs should focus on building knowledge, promoting healthy behaviors, and developing resistance skills to peer pressure.
Integrate life skills training programs into school curricula to enhance decision-making, problem-solving, and coping skills. These programs help individuals develop effective strategies to deal with stress, peer influence, and other challenges without resorting to substance use.
Create supportive environments that promote mental health and well-being. This includes implementing policies against bullying, fostering a sense of belonging and inclusion, and providing access to counseling services for students and employees.
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What is materialism? Do you see any influence
of this philosophy in today's society? Explain by giving specific
examples (either for or against).
A recent study reports that elementary school students in second grade who were given a nutritious breakfast had higher test scores in math than students who received less nutritional breakfast. In the study, the students were randomly assigned to the nutritional groups and were either given more nutritional or less nutritional food in school by the research team. The academic performance was assessed later by how many math problems they solved correctly out of 10 . For this study: 1) What is the independent variable? 2) What the IV scale of measurement? 3) What is the Dependent variable? 4) What the DV scale of measurement? 5) Was this a true experiment? Why?
1. The independent variable (IV) in this study is the type of breakfast received by the students. 2. The scale of measurement for the IV is nominal, as the nutritional groups were randomly assigned by the research team.
3. The dependent variable (DV) in this study is the number of math problems solved correctly out of 10 by the students.4. The scale of measurement for the DV is ordinal, as the number of math problems solved can be ranked from lowest to highest.5. Yes, this was a true experiment because the students were randomly assigned to the nutritional groups by the research team.
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Listen attentively to Bikini performed by Dexter Gordon, tenor saxophone (ts); Jimmy Bunn, piano (p); Red Callender, bass (b); and Chuck Thompson, drums (d); and address the following questions:
1.The order of solos in this piece is: Gordon, Bunn, Callender, and Thompson (at end). Provide counter numbers for the beginnings and ends of all four solos.
2.Compare and contrast the solo styles, and describe them. Listen to how they phrase or create musical lines over the chord changes. Try to include some detail.
3.How many choruses does each of them take? Note: This piece is a 44-bar hybrid AABA song form in which each A section is a 12-bar blues chord progression, while the B section (the bridge) is a standard 8-bar section. The first chorus is 00:11 to 01:00.
4.What is your impression of this piece? How do these bebop soloists differ from the swing soloists that you have heard? Does the bebop ensemble treat or arrange the melody differently from the swing big band arrangements (of melody) that you have heard? If so, how?
5.Generally speaking, this band would have performed for what type of audience?
Dexter Gordon (ts) starts soloing from the beginning of the piece at the counter of 1 and finishes at the investment counter of 2, Jimmy Bunn (p) starts at the counter of 3 and finishes at the counter of 4, Red Callender (b) starts at the counter of 5 and finishes at the counter of 6, and Chuck.
Thompson (d) starts at the counter of 7 and finishes at the end of the piece at the counter of 8.2. Dexter Gordon plays with a warm tone and uses scoops. He plays with a bluesy style and tends to use the pentatonic scale. Jimmy Bunn is not given a lot of solo space but plays in a percussive, rhythmically charged style.
Oten emphasizing the offbeats. Red Callender plays in a more laid-back style, with a fat, warm tone, and plays melodic lines. Chuck Thompson plays in a more straightforward style, using a lot of ride cymbal and playing a lot of backbeats.3. Dexter Gordon takes two choruses (32 bars), Jimmy Bunn takes one chorus (16 bars) bars).4. My impression of the piece is that it is a great example of bebop, with some fantastic solos and a driving rhythm section. The bebop soloists differ from swing soloists in that they tend to play faster, with more complex lines that are often based on the chord changes.
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Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed at autopsy based on:
a) The person having symptoms of memory loss before they died
b) The person not having evidence of other neuropathology in their brain
c) The presence of alpha-synuclein-containing bodies
d) The presence of amyloid and tau aggregations
Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed at autopsy based on the presence of amyloid and tau aggregations (Option d).
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disorder that affects the brain's nerve cells, resulting in memory loss and cognitive impairment. The disease is caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta protein in the brain, which creates plaques, and tau protein, which creates tangles, in the nerve cells. These plaques and tangles damage and kill the cells, causing memory loss and other cognitive problems.
Diagnosing Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer's disease can only be definitively diagnosed during an autopsy of the brain, in which doctors can observe the characteristic plaques and tangles. However, diagnosis, while the patient is alive, is based on symptoms and cognitive tests, as well as ruling out other potential causes for the symptoms. Common cognitive tests include the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
Treatment for Alzheimer's disease aims to slow down the progression of the disease and manage symptoms. Hence, d is the correct option.
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Manic episodes, which can include not needing to sleep, excessive energy, speaking rapidly, and engaging in dangerous or risky behavior, must be present for someone to be diagnosed with which psychological disorder? A. Bipolar 11 B. Bipolar 1
C. Major Depressive Disorder D. Persistent Depressive Disorder
The correct answer is option B. Manic episodes, which can include not needing to sleep, excessive energy, speaking rapidly, and engaging in dangerous or risky behavior, must be present for someone to be diagnosed with Bipolar.
Bipolar 1 disorder is a type of psychological disorder where a person has experienced at least one manic episode, which can last for a week or more, and could lead to a number of risky behaviors like gambling, sex, reckless driving, drug abuse, etc.
Manic episodes are periods of time in which people experience manic symptoms such as high energy, elevated moods, reduced need for sleep, and an inability to think clearly. Hypomania is a milder form of mania that lasts less time than mania, usually for several days.
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Employee Relations Studies:
Question:
Should conflict at work be considered as something that is inevitable within employing organisations?
What role do trade unions play and why has trade union membership fallen in the UK? Ensure your answer includes relevant theory and examples.
Conflicts at work are inevitable within employing organizations. Conflict can arise when employees have different ideas, opinions, and values. These differences may lead to tension between employees, leading to conflict. Hence, it is essential to manage conflicts in the workplace to maintain a healthy work environment.
Trade unions play a significant role in managing conflicts in the workplace. They are responsible for protecting and promoting the interests of their members in the workplace. Trade unions negotiate with the employer to secure better wages, working conditions, and other benefits for their members. They also provide support and representation to employees who have grievances or complaints against their employer. In the United Kingdom, trade union membership has fallen over the years due to various reasons. Firstly, there has been a decline in traditional industries like mining and manufacturing, which were heavily unionized. Secondly, there has been a shift towards service industries that are less unionized. Thirdly, there has been a change in the nature of employment, with more people working in part-time or temporary jobs, which are less likely to be unionized. Lastly, there has been a decline in union membership due to changes in the law that have made it more difficult for unions to organize and take industrial action. To sum up, conflict is inevitable in employing organizations. Trade unions play a crucial role in managing conflicts and protecting the interests of employees. However, trade union membership has declined in the UK due to changes in the nature of employment and changes in the law.
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To the person who answered the question on lacan an
sexualisation : can you explain this a bit less abstract
Sure, I can explain the concept of sexualization in a less abstract way. Sexualization refers to the mass communication process of assigning sexual meanings to non-sexual objects, behaviors, or individuals.
It can also involve viewing people primarily in terms of their sexual attractiveness or sexual function. Personalization, on the other hand, refers to the process of perceiving oneself as a distinct and unique individual with unique qualities and characteristics.
It is an important aspect of human development and can contribute to a person's self-esteem and sense of identity.In the context of psychoanalysis, Jacques Lacan's theory of sexualization focuses on how the human psyche is shaped by the interplay of desire, language, and social norms. According to Lacan, the sexualization process and sexual identity. This process is influenced by cultural and linguistic factors, such as language, media, and social norms, which shape the individual's sense of self and their relationship to the world around them.
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Does Mary Rowlandson’s experience as a captive of the Native
Americans alter her world view in any way?
Yes, Mary Rowlandson's experience as a captive of the Native Americans alters her worldview in several ways. Mary Rowlandson was captured by the Native Americans during King Philip’s War, and she spent almost three months in captivity. During her captivity, Mary experienced several hardships that changed her outlook on life.
In her book, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, Mary Rowlandson depicts her experiences as a captive. The book presents an accurate account of her life and the conditions she faced during captivity. Her book shows that Mary's experience as a captive of the Native Americans altered her worldview in the following ways: Religious beliefs , Stereotypes, Tolerance .
In her book, she writes, "There was little difference between the Indian and English in this point... we must look upon it as a miraculous thing." She learned to appreciate the similarities between different cultures and to respect the differences. She realized that faith and belief are essential for survival and that stereotypes are wrong and harmful.
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The type of district court verdict that is automatically and directly appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (bypassing the intermediate regional court of appeals) is that of
a. case involving issues of patent and copyrights.
b. a capital felony conviction with imposed death sentence.
c. a personal injury case involving the death of the victim.
d. any felony criminal case.
e. any first-degree felony conviction
The type of district court verdict that is automatically and directly appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (bypassing the intermediate regional court of appeals) is that of a capital felony conviction with imposed death sentence. A capital felony is a type of crime that is punishable by death or life imprisonment without parole. In Texas, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals automatically and directly appeals cases involving capital felony convictions with imposed death sentences.
This is because capital felony cases are considered the most serious of all criminal cases and therefore, they are treated as such. A regional court of appeals is bypassed, and the case is sent directly to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals is the highest court in Texas that hears criminal cases. This court has the final say on all criminal matters and is the court of last resort for all criminal cases in Texas. The court is made up of nine judges who are elected by the citizens of Texas. They are responsible for ensuring that criminal defendants receive a fair trial and that justice is served. In conclusion, a capital felony conviction with imposed death sentence is the type of district court verdict that is automatically and directly appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (bypassing the intermediate regional court of appeals).
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Can
you think of a psychological mechanism
that's typical for you & that has these 3 elements?
Defense mechanisms, including denial, rationalization, and projection, are psychological strategies individuals unconsciously use to protect their ego and reduce anxiety. They vary among individuals and serve to maintain self-esteem.
Yes, a psychological mechanism that is typical for an individual can be the defense mechanism, which includes the following three elements: Denial, Rationalization, and Projection. Defense mechanisms refer to the psychological strategies that an individual uses to protect their ego or self-esteem.
They are used unconsciously to reduce anxiety and protect oneself from unpleasant feelings and thoughts. Defense mechanisms vary from person to person and can be based on one's childhood experiences or personal traits. Denial is the defense mechanism in which an individual denies the existence of a particular situation or feeling.
For example, an individual may deny that they have an addiction to alcohol. Rationalization is the defense mechanism in which an individual explains away their behavior or actions to justify it. For instance, an individual may rationalize their poor performance on an exam by blaming it on the lack of time for preparation.
Projection is the defense mechanism in which an individual attributes their feelings, thoughts, or actions to someone else. For example, an individual who is angry with their boss may project their feelings of anger on their colleague rather than admitting it themselves.
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You have a ten-year-old child who mistreats the family dog. Describe two ways of dealing with this problem without using punishment (Hint: think about differential reinforcement; 6 pts.). Be sure to use the specific names of the techniques you are using (4 pts.).
The child's behavior towards the family dog, mistreating it, can be a worrying issue for parents and other family members. However, there are ways to tackle this issue that don't involve punishment.
Here are two of them: Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) is a behavior modification technique that can help in dealing with such situations. It is a technique in which the incompatible behavior is reinforced instead of the problematic behavior. In this case, the child may be reinforced to pet the dog nicely, reward him with praise, or some other positive reinforcement that teaches the child to behave kindly and responsibly towards the dog.
By doing this, the child will feel that they are doing something good, and their behavior towards the dog will improve over time. Another technique that can be used in such situations is differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). This technique involves reinforcing the alternative behavior that's incompatible with the problematic behavior.
For instance, when the child mistreats the dog, they can be given another task, such as playing with a toy or doing a puzzle, and then rewarded with praise or positive reinforcement for doing so. This will help shift the child's focus away from mistreating the dog, and towards other tasks that are more suitable for their behavior.
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which of the following is demonstrated when the response rate immediately increases following a previously reinforced behavior no longer contacting reinforcement.
a) generalization
b) behavioral contrast
c) response variation
d) extinction burst
When the response rate immediately increases following a previously reinforced behavior no longer contacting reinforcement, it demonstrates an extinction burst. The correct answer is "d) extinction burst."
An extinction burst refers to a temporary increase in the frequency, intensity, or duration of a behavior when it no longer produces the expected reinforcement. In other words, when a behavior has been reinforced in the past but is suddenly not followed by reinforcement, there is a surge in the occurrence of that behavior as the individual attempts to obtain the reinforcement that is no longer available.
This phenomenon occurs because the individual engages in an increased level of the behavior, hoping that it will still lead to reinforcement. The extinction burst can be seen as a last-ditch effort or a "burst" of behavior before the individual starts to explore alternative responses or gives up on the previously reinforced behavior altogether.
Therefore, of the options provided, the correct answer is "d) extinction burst." Generalization refers to the transfer of a response from one stimulus to a similar one, behavioral contrast refers to changes in behavior due to different reinforcement conditions, and response variation relates to variability in behavior patterns.
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1. What is the prevalence of use of this alcohol in the United States (or your current location)?
2. What is one important piece of demographic information regarding a high-risk population with using this alcohol? (Examples: Are certain racial or ethnic groups overrepresented in the abuse of this substance, is a certain gender or sexual orientation more at risk, or SES of a certain level showing heightened use)?
3. How would a psychology professional differentiate between use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol?
4. What would constitute a crisis with regard to use of alcohol?
5. What is one psychological or social problem that is often comorbid with using alcohol according to the academic literature?
6. What is one intervention strategy for use with this type of crisis?
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) conducted in 2019, approximately 85.6% of people in the United States, aged 18 or older, reported that they had consumed alcohol at some point in their lifetime.
2. High-risk populations of alcohol use are those who fall under the poverty line, those with an early age of onset of alcohol use, male gender, and people living in urban areas. 3. A psychology professional differentiates the use of alcohol, abuse, and dependence based on specific criteria.
Use involves occasional drinking or use of the substance. Abuse occurs when drinking causes recurrent problems and is done regardless of the consequences. Dependence occurs when someone is physically addicted to alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
4. An alcohol crisis is a medical emergency that results from an acute overdose of alcohol or severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms.5. Depression is often comorbid with using alcohol according to the academic literature.6. One intervention strategy is to seek the help of an addiction specialist who can provide medication-assisted therapy and counseling to help the person overcome their alcohol addiction.
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A(n) _____ speech is one that is researched and planned, but the exact wording is not scripted and will vary somewhat from presentation to presentation.
A(n) impromptu speech is one that is researched and planned, but the exact wording is not scripted and will vary somewhat from presentation to presentation.
In an impromptu speech, the speaker prepares an outline or notes to guide them, but they do not memorize the entire speech word for word. Instead, they rely on their knowledge of the topic and their ability to think on their feet to deliver the speech. Impromptu speeches are often given in response to a prompt or question, and they require the speaker to think quickly and organize their thoughts in a coherent manner. While the speech may not be as polished or rehearsed as a scripted speech, it allows for more flexibility and adaptability to the audience and the situation.
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Choose 2 "golden lines" from the reading "America, Say My Name" by Viet Than Nguyen. Identify the quote and briefly explain why you feel it's significant.
In the reading "America, Say My Name" by Viet Than Nguyen, the author asserts that the act of naming someone or something is a significant and powerful act. It is an act that can convey identity, power, and control over others.
The two "golden lines" from the reading "America, Say My Name" by Viet Than Nguyen are "Naming is the exercise of power. Once named, people and things exist in the world. We name something and, in so doing, we create it, giving it reality" and "Naming reveals power and powerlessness; who has the right to name, and who does not".These quotes are significant because they emphasize the power and impact of naming in society.
Naming is a tool used to exercise power, to give things identity and existence, and to control the way people perceive them. It reveals who has the right to name and who is excluded from this power. In many ways, the act of naming is a reflection of society's power dynamics, with those in positions of authority and privilege often having more say in how things are named and therefore perceived.
The author's assertion highlights the importance of recognizing the power of naming and ensuring that marginalized groups are not excluded from this power.
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Regarding the experiment described in the previous question, what is the dependent variable? O Age of the subject O Day of the week O Exercise vs. no exercise (movie) condition O Mood of the subject (the self-report scores of wellbeing) Regarding the experiment described in the previous two questions, what can be a confounding variable? O Age of the subject O Day of the week O Exercise vs. no exercise (movie) condition O Mood of the subject (the self-report scores of wellbeing)
The dependent variable of the experiment described in the previous question is the mood of the subject (the self-report scores of well-being).
An example of a confounding variable that could have affected the results of the experiment described in the previous two questions is the day of the week.
In any experiment, there are two types of variables, independent variable, and dependent variable. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter, whereas the dependent variable is the variable that is affected by the independent variable.
The experiment described in the previous question is designed to assess the effect of exercise on mood. In this experiment, the independent variable is the exercise vs. no exercise (movie) condition, whereas the dependent variable is the mood of the subject (the self-report scores of wellbeing).
Therefore, the dependent variable of the experiment described in the previous question is the mood of the subject (the self-report scores of well-being).
A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that may affect the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Confounding variables must be controlled to ensure that the results of the experiment are accurate.
An example of a confounding variable that could have affected the results of the experiment described in the previous two questions is the day of the week. If the experiment was conducted on different days of the week, the mood of the subjects might have been affected by other factors such as work, school, or social activities.
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Luci's father has Major Depressive Disorder, so she is genetically at risk of developing this disorder. However, Luci engages in healthy coping strategies and experiences minimal problems in her life, so she never develops any symptoms of depression herself. Luci's situation can be best explained by... A. the diathesis-stress model. B. the medical model. C. the biopsychosocial approach. D. psychodynamic theory.
Luci's situation can be best explained by the diathesis-stress model, which suggests that a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors influences the development of psychological disorders.
The diathesis-stress model posits that individuals may have a genetic predisposition (diathesis) for certain disorders, but the actual manifestation of the disorder depends on the interaction between this vulnerability and environmental stressors. In Luci's case, her genetic risk for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) from her father is the diathesis. However, her healthy coping strategies and minimal life problems act as protective factors, preventing the expression of depressive symptoms.
The diathesis-stress model recognizes that individuals with a vulnerability may not develop a disorder if they are not exposed to significant stressors. Luci's ability to effectively cope with stress and maintain a positive life situation mitigates the impact of her genetic risk. This model emphasizes the complex interplay between biological factors (diathesis) and environmental influences (stress) in the development of psychological disorders.
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